Numerical fluency is about understanding Numerical fluency is about understanding, not memorization. It comes over time as students engage in active thinking and doing, not endless worksheets and timed tests. Classroom instruction and materials, however, often don't feel aligned with these realities. In Developing Numerical Fluency, Patsy Kanter and Steven Leinwand take a fresh look at a commonly-asked question: "How do I teach number facts so my students know them fluently?" They apply their decades of experience teaching mathematics to rethinking effective fluency instruction. Classroom-tested ideas you can use right away Each chapter introduces ideas, techniques, and strategies that contribute to meaningful fluency for all students. You'll find: pivotal understandings that illuminate what contributes to real numerical fluency six instructional processes that support lasting fluency development classroom structures and activities for building fluency in addition, subtraction, multiplic.